Модернизация технологического процесса "Polimir" производства полиэтилена в ООО "Томскнефтехим"

Представлены результаты выполнения программы развития производства полиэтилена высокого давления на базе ООО "Томскнефтехим" путем совершенствования технологического процесса с целью увеличения конверсии этилена, повышения качества продукции, расширения марочного ассортимента. Приведено сравнение с проектными показателями процесса, уровнем развития техники на других отечественных предприятиях, достижениями лучших мировых технологий

Investigating Rock Mass Conditions and Implications for Tunnelling and Construction of the Amethyst Hydro Project, Harihari.

The Amethyst hydro project was proposed on the West Coast of New Zealand as an answer to the increasing demand for power in the area. A previous hydro project in the area was deemed unviable to reopen so the current project was proposed. The scheme involves diverting water from the Amethyst Ravine down through penstocks in a 1040m tunnel and out to a powerhouse on the floodplain of the Wanganui River. The tunnel section of the scheme is the focus of this thesis. It has been excavated using drill and blast methods and is horseshoe shaped, with 3.5x3.5m dimensions. The tunnel was excavated into Haast Schist through its whole alignment, although the portal section was driven into debris flow material. The tunnel alignment and outflow portal is approximately 2km Southeast of the Alpine Fault, the right lateral thrusting surface expression of a tectonically complex and major plate boundary. The Amethyst Ravine at the intake portal is fault controlled, and this continuing regional tectonic regime has had an impact on the engineering strength of the rockmass through the orientation of defects. The rock is highly metamorphosed (gneissic in places) and is cut through with a number of large shears. Scanline mapping of the tunnel was completed along with re-logging of some core and data collection of all records kept during tunneling. Structural analysis was undertaken, along with looking at groundwater flow data over the length of the tunnel, in order to break the tunnel up into domains of similar rock characteristics and investigate the rockmass strength of the tunnel from first principles. A structural model, hydrological model and rockmass model were assembled, each showing the change in characteristics over the length of the tunnel. The data was then modeled using the 3DEC numerical modelling software. It was found that the shear zones form major structural controls on the rockmass, and schistosity changes drastically to either side of these zones. Schistosity in general steepens in dip up the tunnel and dip direction becomes increasingly parallel to the tunnel alignment. Water is linked to shear position, and a few major incursions of water (up to 205 l/s) can be linked to large (1.6m thick) shear zones. Modeling illustrated that the tunnel is most likely to deform through the invert, with movement also capable of occurring in the right rib above the springline and to a lesser extent in the left rib below the springline. This is due to the angle of schistosity and the interaction of joints, which act as cut off planes. The original support classes for tunnel construction were based on Barton’s Q-system, but due to complicated interactions between shears, foliations and joint sets, the designed support classes have been inadequate in places, leading to increased cost due to the use of supplementary support. Modeling has shown that the halos of bolts are insufficient due to the >1m spacing, which fails to support blocks which can be smaller than this in places due to the close spacing of the schistosity. It is recommended that a more broad support type be used in place of discreet solutions such as rock bolts, in order to most efficiently optimize the support classes and most effectively support the rock mass

An analysis of groundwater quality in the Morven, Glenavy and Ikawai area, South Canterbury, New Zealand

The quality of groundwater beneath land surfaces can be influenced by activities carried out on the land. The combination of these activities and effects of the physical environment can cause groundwater contamination, being the threshold at which human or animal health is at risk. The physical environment can induce unacceptable levels of chemicals to groundwater and these may be measured by indicators such as pH and hardness. Particular activities leading to contamination in rural environments include farming activities utilising irrigation and chemicals to enhance production. An outcome of these activities may include the disposal of animal wastes which is a direct contaminant input having the potential to reach groundwater. Settlement patterns, in particular small settlements which are unsewered, can also contribute to groundwater contamination through sewage disposal from septic tanks. This thesis explores how these activities may influence groundwater quality of the Morven, Glenavy and Ikawai area in South Canterbury, New Zealand. In doing so it utilises groundwater measurements taken by the Canterbury Regional Council from 90 wells in February and May 1996. The results from these measurements are related using a Geographic Information System to various human activities, namely farm type, irrigation, waste disposal and settlement patterns and two physical parameters, soil permeability and groundwater depth or piezometric surface. Patterns emerge which indicate contamination from settlement patterns and activities such as waste disposal, but not so much from dairying or irrigation. Levels of hardness are highest near the Waikakahi Downs, coinciding with the pattern of less permeable soils near the Downs. It is important that other factors, such as temporal changes, are not overlooked or neglected

Negotiation versus mediation in international conflict: Deciding how to manage violent conflicts

The thesis is an attempt to fill the theoretical and empirical gap in current conflict management research, which has failed to examine methods of conflict management comparatively. Two dominant paradigms exist, neither of which is adequate to the task of comparing negotiation and mediation in the real world of international politics: the Psychology paradigm and the Third Party Intervention paradigm. An alternative theoretical framework, the Contingency framework of negotiation and mediation was therefore, constructed. This model suggests that negotiation and mediation are conceptually and empirically different, and specifies a series of contextual and process variables which are vital to any examination of conflict management. Utilising a unique data set of thousands of cases of negotiation and mediation coded according to the variables specified in the Contingency model, a general bivariate analysis, followed by a more in-depth multivariate analysis, revealed a number of important differences and similarities between the two methods. The results suggest that negotiation and mediation are different forms of conflict management, which are most likely to be successful under contrasting conditions in international politics. Negotiation is the most successful method overall, but tends to be limited to low intensity, interstate conflicts. Mediation tends to occur in the most intense, intractable, and primarily civil conflicts, and is useful under a number of onerous circumstances